Clinical overview
Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia first recognised during pregnancy that does not meet criteria for overt diabetes.
Clinical significance
Use the locally recommended testing strategy. Management includes nutrition support, glucose monitoring and medication when targets are not achieved.
Initial assessment
Define symptom onset, physiological stability, relevant medicines, pregnancy status, recent illness and previous endocrine diagnoses. Identify immediate threats such as severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolarity, adrenal crisis, thyroid storm or myxoedema coma.
Diagnostic strategy
Use validated biochemical criteria and repeat testing where confirmation is required. Interpret results with timing, acute illness, kidney or liver function, assay interference and treatment exposure. Do not delay emergency treatment while waiting for confirmatory endocrine testing.
Management principles
Follow current national and local guidance, provide education and safety-netting, and individualise treatment around comorbidity, frailty, pregnancy, hypoglycaemia risk and patient preference. Document monitoring, sick-day guidance and review intervals.
Special populations
Pregnancy, children, older adults, frailty, kidney disease, liver disease and people receiving glucocorticoids require population-specific interpretation and treatment. Specialist advice is appropriate when usual thresholds or regimens may be unreliable.
Clinical pearls
- Biochemistry should be interpreted with symptoms and treatment exposure.
- Acute illness can substantially distort endocrine tests.
- Education and emergency planning are core parts of endocrine care.
Common mistakes
- Delaying emergency treatment for confirmatory testing.
- Using HbA1c when rapid glycaemic change or altered red-cell turnover makes it unreliable.
- Stopping insulin during illness.
- Stopping long-term glucocorticoids abruptly.
Escalation triggers
Escalate urgently for altered consciousness, shock, severe dehydration, significant ketonaemia or acidosis, severe hypoglycaemia, rapidly changing sodium, suspected adrenal crisis, thyroid storm or myxoedema coma.
Related MediCalc clinical tools
Related Clinical References
Frequently asked questions
Can this reference replace a local endocrine pathway?
No. Use current local emergency, diabetes and medicines protocols.
When should testing be repeated?
Repeat when confirmation is required, the result is discordant with the clinical picture, acute illness may have distorted the test or treatment has changed.
Key practice points
- Recognise endocrine emergencies early.
- Use current diagnostic criteria.
- Individualise targets and treatment.
- Provide sick-day and emergency advice.
- Review complications and cardiovascular risk.