Clinical Reference Centre

Laboratory Test2 min read

Thyroid Function Tests: Structured Interpretation

Thyroid function interpretation uses TSH with free T4 and sometimes free T3 according to the suspected disorder.

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Condition2 min read

Thyroid Storm: Recognition and Emergency Management

Thyroid storm is life-threatening decompensated thyrotoxicosis with fever, central nervous system dysfunction, gastrointestinal or hepatic disturbance and cardiovascular instability.

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Clinical Intervention2 min read

TIPS: Indications, Selection and Follow-Up

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt reduces portal pressure and is used for selected variceal bleeding and refractory ascites.

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Condition2 min read

Toxic Alcohol Poisoning: Methanol and Ethylene Glycol

Methanol and ethylene glycol can cause severe metabolic acidosis, neurological injury, visual toxicity or renal failure. Early symptoms may be non-specific.

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Condition2 min read

Toxic Megacolon: Recognition and Emergency Management

Toxic megacolon is acute colonic dilatation with systemic toxicity, usually complicating severe colitis.

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Condition2 min read

Type 1 Diabetes in Adults: Diagnosis and Initial Management

Type 1 diabetes should be suspected in adults with symptomatic hyperglycaemia, ketosis, weight loss or rapid deterioration, but presentation can be more gradual.

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Clinical Management2 min read

Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin Therapy, Education and Monitoring

Adults with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin, structured education and access to glucose monitoring technology.

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Condition2 min read

Type 2 Diabetes: Diagnosis and Initial Clinical Assessment

Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed using validated glucose or HbA1c criteria in the appropriate clinical context.

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Clinical Management2 min read

Type 2 Diabetes: Pharmacological Management

Glucose-lowering treatment should reduce symptomatic hyperglycaemia and long-term cardiorenal risk while minimising hypoglycaemia and treatment burden.

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Condition2 min read

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Resuscitation and Risk Stratification

Upper GI bleeding may present with haematemesis, melaena, anaemia or shock. Initial priorities are resuscitation, transfusion strategy, reversal of anticoagulation where appropriate and early endoscopy.

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Clinical Intervention2 min read

Vasopressor Therapy: Principles, Targets and Monitoring

Vasopressors increase vascular tone and support perfusion when hypotension persists despite correction of reversible causes and appropriate fluid assessment.

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Clinical Reference2 min read

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Recognise haematological and neurological presentations, investigate pernicious anaemia and malabsorption, and treat promptly when neurological injury is possible.

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Condition2 min read

Wide-Complex Tachycardia: Ventricular Tachycardia Until Proven Otherwise

A broad-complex tachycardia should generally be treated as ventricular tachycardia when the diagnosis is uncertain. Instability requires immediate synchronised cardioversion.

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